To quote the
late George Elder: "The Star is the common
ancestor of all expanding one-designs. It paved
the way, and classes with similar objectives later
followed in its wake.
Whether the countless
thousands in these classes realize it or not,
the Star's ancient history is in a sense that
of their own organization. In the days of yore,
when the huge regal racing yacht reigned supreme,
the Star fought the small boat's battle and gained
it recognition. It is actually largely responsible
for the present small boat era." Much of
what follows is abridged from Elder’s book
"Forty Years Among the Stars" or from
Stan Ogilvy’s book "A History of the
Star Class, the First Eighty Years". For
those who want to read about the Star in greater
detail, the latter is available from the ISCYRA
central office.
The Star
Class began its existence in what is now the ISCYRA
First District. Francis Sweisguth drew the lines
in William Gardner’s office in 1910.
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The lines were similar to those of "the
Bug class" a smaller keelboat designed
in Gardner’s office in 1905. Both
boats were actually descendants of the
New Haven Sharpie. The first 22 Stars
were built by Isaac Smith in Port Washington,
New York, and delivered in May 1911 at
a cost of "about $260" each.
Boats had been ordered from Port Washington,
New Rochelle, and Rye, all harbors on
Long Island Sound.
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During the fall
of 1910, members of the Nahant Dory Club in Massachusetts
ordered 11 Stars to be built by Richard T. Green
& Co. in Chelsea, Massachusetts. These boats
were called the Nahant Bugs, but carried a Star
on their sails.
The first
Star race was held by the Harlem Yacht Club on
May 30, 1911, off Execution Light, at the western
end of Long Island Sound. The order of finish
was reported in “The New York Herald”.
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The
first Star rig was the sliding gunter, presumably
English. It consisted of a gaff (or yard)
almost as long as the boom. It looked quite
different from the average gaff rig of those
days, which had a shorter gaff that set
at perhaps a 30° angle to the mast.
The first Stars had only one set of shrouds.
The mainsail was laced to the gaff and the
boom and the luff was lashed to old fashioned
wooden mast hoops, which were supposed to
slide up and down the mast but often jammed. |
In 1921 the short
Marconi was made optional. Owners were rather
skeptical about this, because an experiment a
few years before on Star No. 46 proved a failure.
The mast was the combined length of the old mast
plus the distance the gaff had extended above
it. Because good skippers had always kept the
old gaff peaked up so high that it was practically
parallel to the mast, the mainsail could be used
on the short Marconi by simply putting slides
on the luff. The boom remained unchanged. The
track and slide idea was so convenient that it
was immediately applied to the boom also. From
then on skippers began to own sails of different
draft and bent them on just before a race. The
rig varied considerably. Some used long wooden
spreaders and others none at all. This rig was
retained for nine or ten years, and in case of
some fleets for even longer.
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The tall Marconi was made optional by
the Star class in 1930. Enrique Conill
(France) was trying to develop the Star
class in Europe, but reported that the
European yachtsmen would not adopt any
such antiquated rig as the Star still
had. Actually the short Marconi, with
its long boom, was a bastard rig. The
only excuse for it was to make it possible
to use the same mainsail. Modernizing
the rig had already been discussed, but
economy in those days was the underlying
thought that governed any proposed revision
of the rules.
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It was obvious
that the Star was beginning to look pretty seedy
and out of date. Those intending to have new Stars
built, both abroad and in America, did not own
old mainsails and were not interested in that
angle of it. Conill's arguments, however, were
the deciding factor. A tentative tall Marconi
rig was demonstrated by Frank Robinson during
the World's Championship at New Orleans in October
of 1929. The mast was lengthened by almost five
feet and the boom shortened, but the annual meeting,
which adopted the rig in principle, insisted that
the sail area remain the same. A committee consisting
of Earnest Ratsey, Prescott Wilson, Frank Robinson
and Larry Bainbridge worked out the new specifications.
They are the same specifications that apply today.
This was the starting signal for the really worldwide
development of the Star class on all continents.
It made a remarkable difference in the boat's
appearance, which can best be described in Commodore
Corry's own words: "The Star now looks like
a slim, graceful, young girl, instead of a fat
dumpy little old woman." Spar flexing, is
an operation. It was the fourth major phase in
Star development, but it was not really a change
of rig. Spar diameters were slightly reduced,
especially that of the boom. The latter was trimmed
from about its mid-point to a bar across the center
of the cockpit. Spar diameters and method of rigging
had always been optional. Only the length of spars
and size of sails were regulated. This maintained
uniformity in design, but gave the skipper enough
leeway to use his ingenuity and this policy has
been responsible for the continued improvement
in Stars. Flexible spars can be credited to Walter
von Hutschler. They originated in Germany in 1936,
although von Hutschler claims that he was simply
trying to lighten his spar and did not realize
the advantage to which they could be put until
he raced his "Pimm" in the 1937 World's
Championships on Long Island Sound (which he came
2nd in, whilst he won the 1938 and 1939 Championships).
In the Early days
the "Star Class Association of America"
governed the class. The "international"
class organization as we know it came into being
at the Hotel Astor in New York City on January
20, 1922. The charter fleets, in order of size,
were Western Long Island Sound, Lake Erie, Detroit
River, Eastern Long Island Sound and Narragansett
Bay. Each fleet was entitled to as many votes
as it had Stars owned by different members in
good standing, a tradition that follows to this
day.
The delegates voted to publish a yearbook, to
be known as "The Log of the Star Class."
In addition to the constitution and by-laws, it
was to contain a register of all Stars. George
A. Corry was elected president and Henry Watterson,
of Cleveland, vice-president and George Elder
was made secretary-in-chief. Charles Burlingham,
of Black Point, became the first treasurer
Stars made
their Olympic debut in 1932. Star sailors stole
the show that year at Los Angeles, three out of
the four yachting events being won by Star skippers.
Aside from their own series, Jacques Le Brun,
of France, won the little single-handed one-design
(Monotype) crown. Owen Churchill was at the helm
of Babe, U.S. winner among the Eight Metres. In
contrast to other yachtsmen from different countries,
Star members were old friends and spent much of
their time ashore together. It was the first time
that the rest of the yachting world was able to
witness the comradeship already developed by the
I.S.C.Y.R.A.
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The Star Class has been a part of the
Olympics since then except for the Montreal
edition in 1976 when the class was deemed
"too old" and replaced by the
Tempest. However the Star Class has always
evolved and kept up to date in its building
methods and rig. While many Olympic classes
have growth spurts in the year preceding
the Olympic Games followed by diminished
activity, the Star has always remained
strong in the off years and actually grew
stronger after being dropped for the 1976
games.
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The Star was reinstated in 1980
as our leadership then as now has been able
to show the world that the Star is a strong,
well run, International Class with extremely
high caliber sailors. The Star Class has been
fortunate over the years to have members of
outstanding talent and foresight. This has allowed
the class to advance and remain modern without
making older boats immediately obsolete. The
class first adopted Composite (FRP) construction
in 1965. The original composite specifications
were drawn up by Willis Longyear. They are quite
open, allowing each builder to develop his own
techniques and particulars within specified
restrictions - in fact, more like the wood boat
specifications. They were just what the Technical
Committee wanted. The builders made their own
mistakes and learned their own best methods,
but they had to advise the committee what they
were doing. They were (and still are) required
to submit sample layups for approval before
they began building. This arrangement enabled
glass boats to get started even though no one
on the Technical Committee had the specialized
expertise necessary to write complete specifications
from scratch. It permitted the consideration
of new structural products as they came on the
market, and has kept the builders interested
in improving their methods. The committee continually
upgraded the specifications as they went along.
The Star Class was one of the first to allow
epoxy resins rather than the cheaper polyester.
The net result is the clean, light, and strong
Star hulls of today, which have longer competitive
lives than those of many other one-design classes.
Boats from all current builders compete on an
equal footing at any level of event. To sum
it up, the History of the Star class is one
of innovation and leadership in the world of
one design racing. It continues to make history
every single day…
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